Tuesday, December 24, 2019

The Challenges of College Education Essay - 530 Words

Many college scholars have attended school prior to college for twelve of more years of their life. During the first twelve years the students undergo many obstacles some of which are trivial and some are more difficult. Even though all have experienced more than a decade of schooling, many students are still not prepared for the demands of college level education. Even though previous education is supposed to prepare students for college, college education is much more difficult because it demands extra time and effort from students and provides less guidance from instructors. The higher standard and quality of education, first, demands greater time and effort from students. In preschool, elementary, middle and even high school,†¦show more content†¦The required agenda involves teaching only basics of the subjects. However, at a collegiate standard, all students are adults meaning they are accountable for the outcomes of their education. The assignments and the required ef forts to study are the sole responsibility of the students to complete on their own. In college, less time is allotted in class; therefore, students must take personal time to dedicate to their education. The courses are oriented at a faster pace and the quantity and quality of education is increased over the shorter period of time. More topics are covered with more detailed intensity. Extra energy must be exerted from the students to completely master and understand the subjects. Compiling onto the extra workload, the students also receive minimal guidance from the instructors. Less guidance is given to the individual students and larger class size is another great challenge college education endows. Lower-level education has a smaller student to teacher ratio. The students are given more individual counseling because no class exceeds twenty-five or thirty students. In contrary, at most universities, classes can exceed two hundred students. Given the designated time to cover the to pics, there is not enough time to cover the subject material thoroughly and also provide the individual assistance necessary for some students to completely comprehend. Furthermore, unlike teachers of intermediate education, college professors many times do notShow MoreRelatedThe Challenges Of ASD Students In College Education801 Words   |  4 Pagespostsecondary education. Semi-sturcured interviews were held with managers and directors of disability/accessibility services in 5 different community colleges. The purpose of the research is to find out the challenges that ASD students are facing and the ways of improving this transitioning process. While students with disabilities are being prepared for the academic expectations of college through their IEPs, they are ill prepared for the social and psychological dimentions of their higher education experienceRead MoreMajor Challenges Facing Higher Education859 Words   |  4 Pages Major Challenges Facing Higher Education in Saudi Arabia In Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Higher Education in 2015 became a part of the ministry of education once again. After King Salman became a king, he issued a royal order in 2015 to merge the Ministries of Higher Education and The Ministry of Education (New Saudi King, 2015). It is now only called The Ministry of Education (MOH). By 1938, oil was discovered in huge amounts in Saudi Arabia and by 1950 there were 365 schools educating 42,000Read MoreOnline Education : Explanatory Essay764 Words   |  4 PagesOnline Education: Explanatory Essay Every year and every decade colleges change. Courses and requirements all change over the years. One thing that has changed over the years is online education. Online education was not always a part of colleges and courses but over time it has developed and has become part of the current college education. But what is online education? The article â€Å"Online Education. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection† said it best. â€Å"Online education, also called distance learningRead MoreChallenges College Students Face1042 Words   |  5 Pagesstates â€Å"two in three jobs require higher education† (2012 speech). College may be the stepping stone to real life but there are too many challenges against the students. If we want them to succeed why is the system so complicated and expensive? Many college students end up in financial trouble due to being unprepared. Students often don’t have the right study skills going into college and that can hurt them. Some stude nt is often not emotionally ready for college and struggle with the transition. WhetherRead MoreGraduation Speech : High Education838 Words   |  4 PagesA higher education has been an important priority in my life. While I realized a high school education was important, my parents expected more. They said if I wanted to succeed in life, a college education was something that I could not live without. What they don’t tell you is how exhausting and confusing the process is to get even into. First-generation Hispanic students are faced with more challenges than other ethnicities when seeking higher education. Many Hispanics face less economicRead MoreDeveloping And Designing A New Chief Diversity Officer1381 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the last several decades, the diversity idea has evolved into higher education. However, implementing goals, concepts, and strategy has not been easy. Creating goals to increase multiculturalism, access, equity, and inclusion needs is complex. For nearly 50 years, higher education has actively addressed campus diversity issues (Smith Wolf-Wendel, 2005). In the past, effective diversity changes that were made were ignored. Attention to diversity is only given in the face of necessary legalRead MoreCollege Life1271 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 1020 3 February 2013 Everyone Is Not College Material Do you believe that college is for everyone? The article â€Å"Is College for Everyone† was written by Pharinet. It is located on the website AssociatedContent.com. Pharinet states her opinion that college is not for everyone. She explains the challenges of receiving a higher education. Now days individuals are expected to receive an education beyond high school. People believe you have to attend college to earn a degree for a brighter and successfulRead MoreThe Value Of A College Degree886 Words   |  4 Pagesand money of attending college. A reason for obtaining a higher education is that a college degree can possibly earn a much higher salary than the majority of the people who have a high school diploma. College can be expensive and time consuming for the most of the people that do not have enough money and spare time to go to college. Stephen Rose, a research professor at the Georgetown University, wrote an article on â€Å"The Value of a College Degree† to expl ain if a college degree can be valuable toRead MoreEducational Decisions : Homeschooling And Retail856 Words   |  4 Pageskid, I dreamed of growing up, going to college, and working in a big city all by the time I was 23. However, plans do not always go according to schedule. While there are many factors that have brought me to pursue higher education, there are two which have heavily influenced my educational decisions: homeschooling and retail. In the midst of living out my childhood fantasy, life threw me a curveball when my mother decided to pull me out of public education in seventh grade and attempt to homeschoolRead MoreDisabilities Education Act1302 Words   |  6 PagesDisabilities Education Act (IDEA), which was first enacted in 1975 and most recently revised in 2004. IDEA mandates that every state provides children with disabilities a free public education that meets their individual and unique needs (Autism speaks toolkit, 2015). Many families with children with ASD have spent years navigating the school system in order to maximize their child’s potential under this Act. Children with ASD can receive various services included special education, speech-language

Monday, December 16, 2019

Heuristics and Bias Free Essays

Before meeting with the people at Volvo, I spoke to my supervisor regarding this assignment and my choice. His initial reaction was one of judgment heuristic and availability heuristic. He felt strongly with his convictions about a Volvo due to the experience his brother-in-law had with one and went In to great length on why. We will write a custom essay sample on Heuristics and Bias or any similar topic only for you Order Now Judgment heuristic was shown here for my supervisor made his assessment and judgment of probability simpler and availability heuristic was shown here for he also used what his brother-in-law experienced which Is the process of perception and memory in the imagination. This information was available and fresh in his mind the moment Volvo was mentioned. He did not use information from consumer reports, but Instead used availability heuristic to refer to his brother-in-laws case and based his judgment on that. Events that are easily available within ones mind are more likely judged and to occur according to this heuristic. The biases, which are caused within availability heuristic, are the bias due to the easy retirement of the instances where the supervisor was able to retrieve Just one case against the negative of the Volvo. Also, notice the bias due to effectiveness of the search for the recall process. Many events are hard to recall and some are memorable such as mistakes and errors, there is a bias in the search set itself. Another bias was manageability, which played a role in the evaluation of probability in real life situations (Starker, 2007). An example I would say to him to help in Influencing his decision to a positive about Evolved would be to share a story with him regarding my recent bad experience at a four star restaurant called Blue Fish, when I ate bad shrimp. This does not mean this restaurant Is bad, It Just meaner I had one bad experience, I will either try steak or try the shrimp again for their service, drinks and appetizer were great. This does not mean I will go to my friends and family and say that this restaurant Is bad do not eat there, for In all honestly It Is not a bad restaurant and it Just so happens I had one bad shrimp that resulted in an upset stomach. I would end this example with a question of â€Å"who has this not happened to t any restaurant where one NAS and bad t one time or another? The type tot heuristic that will be employed here to influence my supervisor will be adjustment and anchoring. When adjusting ones beliefs in light of new information there needs to be solid evidence against it. Insufficient adjustment due to anchoring can lead to mistakes. I believe the research I have done is solid information to prayers and influence my supervisor to help change his mind regarding Vole’s (Plops, Chip. 13, 19 93). When I meet with my supervisor once again, I will influence his decision about Vole’s with these facts and statistics such as: with more storage space, redesigned due to feedback from past years, premium small sedan new safety features with more horsepower, a blind spot information system as added as well as a new automatic hazard warning additional optional fun gadgets such as SIRIUS Satellite Radio and high performance audio system (new holds its own against other sport automobiles, cars’, 2007), for most buyers, the standard suspension setup provides plenty of thrills while providing more cushioning over potholes when driving along, while yes it may not have the prestige or athleticism of its German foes, this Volvo costs less, has style with a premium feel, with upgrades added the price may go up, but for a company car one should be reasonable, the base engine will be perfectly adequate ND basic package, this Volvo has slightly better fuel economy than the 2. 41 (Ed munds, 2007), Keeping in mind while all vehicles have their quirks and hiccup one should personally test-drive a vehicle before forming an opinion on what he or she thinks. With all the pros and cons, many people will form their own decisions in the end. The few that I have researched have said that the Volvo S’40 is refined, classy, great and runs Just fine. Even without a slightly more powerful engine, it is as much of a â€Å"real† Volvo as any car is a â€Å"real† car. By utilizing the heuristic strategy f anchoring and adjustment, I feel that I can show my supervisor that what happened to his brother-in-law has happened to many with any vehicle. I would have him ponder on that for a bit, while at the same time showing him what others have to say about the Volvo. I would inform him of the research I did through nectars. Com, Edmunds. Com, and Flavors. Com. By informing him of this, I am using multiple anchor points to help make the final decision that the Volvo is the way to go. When one makes or Judges something or someone based on vividness or recent events, they employ availability heuristic. To help one change their mind or point of view we want to anchor the way adjustment is used and when a decision needs to be made it is made by adjustments to this anchor or starting point. The use of anchoring and adjustment may work in many cases such as this, but at times will not always weigh enough to other factors (Plops, Chip. 13, 1993). References AAU Online. (De. ). (ca. 2006). Unit 3: Heuristics and Bias [multimedia presentation]. Hoffman Estates, IL: AAU Online. How to cite Heuristics and Bias, Papers

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Definition Of A Good Education Essay Example For Students

Definition Of A Good Education Essay Definition Of A Good Education Education is defined as acquiring skills. There are many different ways to be educated and many subjects that can be studied. A good education is one that teaches a student to think. This is proven by Edith Hamilton, Malcolm X, and Adrian Rich in their works to define what they believe about learning and its importance to our world. In Edith Hamiltons essay, The Ever-present Past, she described a good education as one that is modeled after the ancient Greeks ideas. She defines being educated as being able to be caught up into a world of thought (752). The Greeks were taught to think. They were cultivated on an individual level so that they knew how to conceive ideas on their own. During the times of the ancient Greeks students were shown how to appreciate poetry, music, arts, and mathematics. They carried their education of thought into their government and their ways of life. The era of the ancient Greeks was laid by the teachings of their schools and therefore helped make them into a notable civilization. Today, Hamilton believes that with our set way of teaching we are not encouraging individuals to think. She concludes that we are headed towards a standardization of minds (756). Hamilton believes that we need to challenge our society to shape our educational goals after those of the Greeks. With the problems our world faces we should study how the Greeks triumphed in a savage world and how they were educated to do so. Then maybe we can learn how to prevent the standardization of the minds in our society and avoid repeating the ill-fated history of the ancient Greeks (754). In Malcolm Xs, Freedom Through Learning To Read, a chapter of his autobiography, he describes a good education as being able to understand life. He wrote of how he desired to acquire more knowledge. This inner struggle began when he envied his friends intelligence and when he was unable to express himself eloquently in letters. From that point he began to read everything. Malcolm X started by copying a dictionary to learn all the words he could. From there he never spent fifteen minutes free time without a book (48). As he studied the works of Mr. Elijah Muhammad he realized how the history of the black Americans were not included in most books. He searched to find a book to learn the history of the African-Americans and finally found a few that taught him about slavery (49). Malcolm X said that through his domestic education a new world had been opened up to him. He achieved his goal of learning to read and through that obtain what is considered by many a good education. He was able to read, understand, and form ideas and opinions based on what he had read (53). Through reading Malcolm X was capable of expressing his own views and our society benefited greatly from this self-educated man. In Adrienne Richs, Claiming An Education, a speech given at Douglass College, she describes a good or serious education as the study of languages, ideas, methods, and values (58). Part of being educated is refusing to let others do your thinking, naming, or talking for you(59). Some of the most important things needed to fulfill intellectual independence are to learn the ways of rationalizing, deep discussions, and writing. Rich writes about how it is our own responsibility to claim an education and how we should not sell ourselves short (59). In order to learn we first need to assess what we hear and read in our courses to form an opinion (57). In order to form an opinion, Rich says that we have to first commit ourselves to our studies and expect others to show us respect. Rich describes an education as a commitment and a responsibility (59). Throughout these essays the main ideas were that to be educated a student has to be an individual and be able to think. .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d , .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d .postImageUrl , .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d , .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d:hover , .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d:visited , .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d:active { border:0!important; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d:active , .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8f989adceda7c73fa0cec679c2f5a33d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Should Students Wear School Uniforms Essay There are many arguments over what we should study and how we should be taught. There is no wrong or right way to teach or certain subjects that need to be studied. As long as the students are taught to think for themselves and have the desire to learn, they will be able to obtain a good education.

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Mr Raphael Ngoma Tsasa Manchester, Essay Example

Mr Raphael Ngoma Tsasa Manchester, Essay A committed and motivated individual who is able to work effectively alone or as part of a team. Possesses a wide knowledge of IT skills. Has the ability to learn new skills fast and continually learn when the opportunity arises. A good experience in Administration, finance and human resource at Sadisa/Kinshasa.Fluent in French and English; good understanding of Portuguese and also some other language from Africa (Kikongo, Lingala, Swahili). I have good communication skills and I worked as Radio Broadcaster in Belgium from 1994-1995: Skyrock Couvin and Nostalgie. Employment History 3rd Yes SPRL: Managing Director (Family Company) 2010 2012 African Francophone Integration Project, Beswick2003 – 2010 Vice Chair/ Community Advice Worker (Voluntary) Giving advice and guidance to asylum seekers and refugees about Housing, education, employment, health, immigration and welfare benefits, Debts, Council Tax. †¢ Sign posting and referrals †¢ Helping people to claim welfare b enefits †¢ Information skills for information, Advice and Guidance †¢ Interpretation and translation †¢ Casual French Interpretation Job with Greater Manchester Immigration Units †¢ Child protection †¢ Computer maintenance Software Skils gained: 2003-2007 |Management Finance Child Protection | |Fundraising |IT skills | |Equal Opportunity |Working as interpreter at advice centre (CHAC) | |Introduction to Advice Work |Case Recording Procedures for Advice Sessions | |Networking |Interviewing Skills | |Policy and Procedure |Listening Skills | |Equal Opportunity |Telephone skills | |Introduction on debt matter |Listening skills | |Maintaining and filing system | | |Form filling | | | | |Royal Mail, Manchester2002 – 2003 Mail Sort Warehouse Operator †¢ Sorting items by hand into compartments on a sorting frame †¢ Bagging and labelling mail for its destination †¢ Moving mail around the office between conveyor belts, loading docks and trolley s †¢ Moving mailbags from cages, sorting mailbags and bundles of mail into cages †¢ Loading and unloading wheeled containers from vehicles to the dispatch areas †¢ Showsec, Manchester2002 Security Operative (Commonwealth Games 2002) †¢ Operating CCTV equipment †¢ Patrolling on foot and in vehicle †¢ Dealing with enquiries from the general public †¢ Crowd control †¢ Awareness of health safety Education Training LONDON SCHOOL OF BUSINESS FINANCE: HND DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS: 2013-2014 Community Radio Training Course: NVQ2 3/12/2007 -14/12/2007   Technical broadcast skills such as operating a radio desk and using radio edit software   Presenting and interviewing skills – to utilise when broadcasting to thousands of people   Literary skills – writing and planning a show National Network Open Network: 2006 Qualification gained: †¢ NVQ Advice Work Training ProgrammeLevel 2 Manchester Refugees Network Support2004 – 2005 Certificates gained: †¢ First Aider †¢ Housing Benefit and Advocacy †¢ Employing Staff for the first time. †¢ Making your services more effective †¢ Charities evaluation services Astron Group, Manchester2003 Licenses gained: †¢ Lift Truck †¢ Flexi Truck †¢ Combi Truck †¢ BT P20 Pallet Truck Showsec, Manchester2002 Basic Job Training for Static Patrol Guards and achieved Grade C: STO Red Roses, Bolton2002 Licenses gained:Counterbalance and Reach Evelyn Oldfield, Manchester: Business Enterprise Course: 2001 Certificates gained: Health and Safety . First Aid Manchester Business Consortium Ltd: Business Certificate 2001 Sandra Robinson College, London2000 Qualifications gained: †¢ Wordpower Level 1 (ESOL Course) †¢ Wordpower Foundation Level College St Jean, Belgium1994 – 1995 Certificate gained: †¢ IT course in Databases Hobbies Interests In my spare time, I enjoy doing music with an African Band: singing is my princ ipal activity during the weekend. I am computer literate and keep in touch with friend trough the internet. References available on request

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Beethoven1 essays

Beethoven1 essays For many people, Ludwig Van Beethoven is considered the greatest composer who ever lived and is the highest level of musical geniuses. His compositions are the expression of one of the most powerful musical personalities of all time which he exceeded above average in both areas of Classical and Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, December 16, 1770, and was baptized on December 17. His father, Johann, was a singer employed by the Elector of Cologne in Bonn. Johann married Maria Magdalena Laym, a cooks daughter. Together they had seven children of which three sons survived, Beethoven was the oldest (Colliers Encyclopedia, Beethoven). When Johanns career was threatened by alcoholism, he saw his chance to get rich by exploiting his son Beethoven as a child prodigy. He claimed Beethoven was years younger than he actually was, neglected his formal education, and made him practice his music endlessly. His attempt to get rich was a disaster and probably encouraged the brusque and withdrawing personality Beethoven developed. Beethoven was a solo pianist and piano teacher when he was in his twenties. He was well known for his temperamental nature. He had to abandon his performing career of deafness. By this time, he was well known as a composer and was able to live by the profits of concerts and sale of his works to publishers. He was the most revered composer in all of Europe and regarded as the greatest living example of Romantic, artistic genius (McLeish, pg. 18-19). Sonate Pathetique, Opus 13 was written in 1798 and named by the composer Ludwig Van Beethoven. This Sonate was extremely romantic because of the charged first movement, while the Adagio Movement is sad, yet comforting. The third movement of the Pathetique was considered Rondo. The key of the Adagio Movement is A Flat, the submediant Key of the ...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Definition and Examples of Verbless Sentences

Definition and Examples of Verbless Sentences Definition In English grammar, a verbless sentence is a construction that lacks a verb but functions as a sentence. Also known as a  broken sentence. A verbless sentence is a common type of minor sentence. In rhetoric, this construction is called scesis onomaton. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Be DeletionCrotEllipsisFragmentIn Defense of Fragments, Crots, and Verbless SentencesSentence FragmentVerbless ClauseWhat Is a Sentence?Zero Copula Examples and Observations No comment.Great job!Fascinating race, the Weeping Angels.(The Doctor in Blink, Doctor Who, 2007)Waiter! raw beef-steak for the gentlemans eyenothing like raw beefsteak for a bruise, sir; cold lamp-post very good, but lamp-post inconvenient.(Alfred Jingle in The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens, 1837)Smashed wheels of wagons and buggies, tangles of rusty barbed wire, the collapsed perambulator that the French wife of one of the towns doctors had once pushed proudly up the planked sidewalks and along the ditchbank paths. A welter of foul-smelling feathers and coyote-scattered carrion which was all that remained of somebodys dream of a chicken ranch.(Wallace Stegner, Wolf Willow, 1962)A white hat. A white embroidered parasol. Black shoes with buckles glistening like the dust in the blacksmiths shop. A silver mesh bag. A silver calling-card case on a little chain. Another bag of silver mesh, gathered to a tight, round neck of strips of silver that will open out, like the hatrack in th e front hall. A silver-framed photograph, quickly turned over. Handkerchiefs with narrow black hemsmorning handkerchiefs. In bright sunlight, over breakfast tables, they flutter.(Elizabeth Bishop, In the Village. The New Yorker, December 19, 1953) Paris with the snow falling. Paris with the big charcoal braziers outside the cafes, glowing red. At the cafe tables, men huddled, their coat collars turned up, while they finger glasses of grog Americain and the newsboys shout the evening papers.(Ernest Hemingway, The Toronto Star, 1923; By-Line: Ernest Hemingway, ed. by William White. Scribners, 1967)It better as a verbless sentence seems to have won a place in correct, if informal, speech. I sure hope the market improves. It better. In fact, it had better might seem excessively formal in such an exchange.(E. D. Johnson, The Handbook of Good English. Simon Schuster, 1991)Fowler on the Verbless SentenceA grammarian might say that a verbless sentence was a contradiction in terms; but, for the purpose of this article, the definition of a sentence is that which the OED calls in popular use often, such a portion of a composition or utterance as extends from one full stop to another.The verbless sentence is a device for enlivening the w ritten word by approximating it to the spoken. There is nothing new about it. Tacitus, for one, was much given to it. What is new is its vogue with English journalists and other writers . . ..Since the verbless sentence is freely employed by some good writers (as well as extravagantly by many less good ones) it must be classed as modern English usage. That grammarians might deny it the right to be called a sentence has nothing to do with its merits. It must be judged by its success in affecting the reader in the way the writer intended. Used sparingly and with discrimination, the device can no doubt be an effective medium of emphasis, intimacy, and rhetoric.(H.W. Fowler and Ernest Gowers, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1965) Henry Peacham on Scesis OnomatonHenry Peacham [1546-1634] both defined and exemplified scesis onomaton: When a sentence or saying doth consiste altogether of nouns, yet when to every substantive an adjective is joined, thus: A man faithful in friendship, prudent in counsels, virtuous in conversation, gentle in communication, learned in all learned sciences, eloquent in utterance, comely in gesture, pitiful to the poor, an enemy to naughtiness, a lover of all virtue and goodliness (The Garden of Eloquence). As Peachams example demonstrates, scesis onomaton can string together phrases to form an accumulatio . . ..(Arthur Quinn and Lyon Rathburn, Scesis Onomaton. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition, ed. by Theresa Enos. Routledge, 2013)Scesis Onomaton in George Herberts Sonnet PrayerPrayer the churchs banquet, angels age,Gods breath in man returning to his birth,The soul in paraphrase, heart in pilgrimage,The Christian plummet sounding heavn and earthEngine against th Almighty, sin ners towr,Reversed thunder, Christ-side-piercing spear,The six-days world transposing in an hour,A kind of tune, which all things hear and fear;Softness, and peace, and joy, and love, and bliss,Exalted manna, gladness of the best,Heaven in ordinary, man well drest,The milky way, the bird of Paradise,Church-bells beyond the stars heard, the souls blood,The land of spices; something understood.(George Herbert [1593-1633), Prayer [I])

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Soft Systems Methodology and Activity Theory (System Thinking) Essay

Soft Systems Methodology and Activity Theory (System Thinking) - Essay Example Whereas AT inspires theoretical thought in many disciplines – psychology, culture, information systems, education, and management, disciplines that generally apply strategies involving human activity. Many researchers have cited AT as being holistically rich when it comes to understanding how humans conduct activities together with the aid of advanced tools in very dynamic and intricate settings (Adebowale, 2010). The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate how soft systems methodology and activity theory can be used to understand organisational problems. As part of this objective, the essay will also compare and contrast the two approaches and discuss relative strengths and weaknesses. SSM has undergone various modifications and revisions to become more practical, flexible, and relevant to different disciplines and organisational problems. However, SSM’s suitability to various fields has remained the most important asset, one which has not required numerous modifications to remain relevant (Bell, 2013). In addition, SSM is currently used by people who lack a technical background but want to solve complex organisational problems. At the moment, SSM is applied in several main organisational settings or disciplines. For example, in performance evaluation, it is used to develop performance measures, quality assurance processes, and to monitor the organisation. In education, it is used in defining course designs, training requirements, causes of absenteeism and to analyse language teaching. It is also used in project management, personal life decisions, risk management processes, organisational strategy, and industrial tribunal cases (Bozalek and Ambi, 2014). The first stage often involves recognising, exploring and defining the problem in some way. Firstly, the organisation must decide what it is actually investigating. At this stage,

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

A Health Promotion For Older Adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Health Promotion For Older Adults - Essay Example The growing number of Americans is s common founded information. For example in 2010, 40.2 million older adults (65 plus years) represented the American populace. It is approximated that by 2050 there will be more than 88.5 million older adults, twice the number in 2010. This has been treated as strange in America because the older adults have outnumbered the teenagers. Additionally, the majority of the middle aged couples have an alive parent compared to their children (three to four parents compared to just two children Markson, 2003, p.10). Relationship of race, ethnicity, and culture on health status, health belief, help-seeking behaviors, health practice (i.e., traditional and non-traditional medicine), and health outcomesThe number of American adults of 65 years and above will be more than a twofold close to 71 million by 2030. The quickly escalating number of elderly Americans has far-reaching repercussions for the country's public health structure and will bring unmatched req uirements on the conditions on the healthcare and age related-services. Public health attempts to advance health and serviceable autonomous critical strategies in assisting older people to remain healthy. According to studies, poor health does not have to be expected outcomes of aging. Elderly adults who exercise health behaviors, fully utilize clinical preventive services, and continually engage with family and friends are most likely to stay healthy, live independently and attract less health-related costs.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Greek tragedy Essay Example for Free

Greek tragedy Essay A view from the bridge is a powerful play about two immigrants that cross the American border from Italy, illegally. The play is set in the nineteen thirties to the nineteen fifties right after the Second World War. It also has striking similarities with Greek tragedy, being linear and having a chorus, or narrator (Alfieri). Eddie, the tragic protagonist has a fatal flaw (his improper love of, and almost obsession with, Catherine) and the final climax at the end of the play is another feature of this style. Alfieri plays a huge part in maintaining the audiences dramatic interest; he is like the chorus in a Greek tragedy always reminding the audience of the tragedy. He holds the play together without actually taking much part in the action, however his real job is to unfold the play to the audience, he influences our audience and keeps us hooked onto the play, as though it was a cliff-hanger, the audience, including me, believe Alfieri because he is a lawyer and he knows the most. The bridge represents Alfieri, he is a link between Italians and Americans, Eddie and Rodolpho, he has equal opinions on them both and does not take sides; he is very un-bias. It seems that Alfieri is drowned in stress and needs someone to talk to that is why he talks to the audience at certain intervals of the play. Its also as though Alfieri is retelling the play as he mostly speaks in past tense. Alfieri really begins to introduce drama to the play in his chat with Eddie before the boxing scene; this is a really tense conversation between them both as Eddie starts to reveal his true feelings for Catherine without realising himself. You also begin to realise how easily the situation is flowing when Alfieri redeems himself powerless to stop anything from happening. Alfieri makes us feel as though there will be a terrible ending, I watched it coming, step after step, this makes the audience feel as though there will be a violent ending. This creates dramatic irony as we know something the characters dont; also building tension and suspense the longer we wait for the dramatic climax of the play. Eddie Carbone plays the largest part in creating drama before the end of act one, he creates conflict and reveals his hate for Rodolpho. On the other hand Marco develops his understanding that Eddie doesnt approve of Rodolphos feelings for Catherine. Eddie likes to assert himself as the alpha male, and a man in Eddies eyes is a hard working, physically strong family man, and Marco has all of these features, he is working hard to support his family and when he lifts the chair that Eddie cannot, this shows that Marco is physically strong, and it seems Eddie respects Marco, but sees him as a threat to his position in the Carbone family. Eddie also finds other ways to create drama in the scene. Lemons are green is the small contribution that Rodolpho makes to the conversation between Marco and Eddie, Eddies reply towards Rodolpho, I know lemons are green, for Christ sake is quite vicious and makes it quite obvious he doesnt like Rodolpho and makes it quite awkward for Marco to talk to Eddie as though nothing is wrong. This adds some tension to the scene. Also, Eddie begins to imply that Rodolpho aint right, this quite obviously means that Eddie think Rodolpho is gay when really he is just looking for any excuse for Catherine not to be with him. During the long talk about Rodolphos skills and attributes Eddie says But if I could cook, if I could sing, if I could make dresses, I wouldnt be on the water-front and I would be like in a dress store. In the actual play Eddie repeats the first sentence three times, as though an obvious attempt to stress to his family that he aint right. You can tell this by what he says after I would be like in a dress store, this is blatantly a womans job however cooking, singing and dancing was considered gay in the 1950s. You can see that Marco is unimpressed by what Eddie is trying to imply. [Uneasily]. This stage direction proves that Marcos reaction to what he has implied about his brother is negative and he is uneasy to talk to Eddie at all, or that he knows what is coming when Eddie asks What do you say, Marco, we go to the bouts next Saturday night. You never seen a fight, did you? Eddies mind is also quite obviously filled with violence and hatred, and it is blatant that he purposely wants Rodolpho to fight because he asks him after having the opportunity to ask his brother first. This also creates tension in the scene as we know what it is all building up too and we are eager to see how it unfolds. Furthermore, during the fight Eddie says to Rodolpho It also seems that Eddies sexual jealousy has coloured his thoughts as he chooses to insult Marco by implying that his wife is cheating whilst he works in America, this is a very tense moment as we are unaware of how Marco will react to this comment and how this may affect his relationship with Eddie, this furthermore builds tension in the scene. Eddie also feels betrayed by Catherine, he has raised her as his own and he treats her like his daughter, he feels that by Catherine wanting to marry Rodolpho and living her own life that she is being ungrateful for all that he has done for her. He feels that Catherine owes him a living. All the way during the boxing scene, you get this vivid sense of pressure building up in Eddie. It seems to me that Eddie offers Rodolpho to a boxing match to release his anger after watching him and Catherine dance to a very symbolic song, paper doll. When Eddie first asks Rodolpho to dance, strong tension is built within the audience, because we have already been hinted by Alfieri that something bad is going to happen, and this is the ideal moment for this to happen. Eddie says to Rodolpho, Come on kid, you cant hurt me. This is ironic because although Rodolpho may not possess the strength to physically hurt Eddie, his is causing him mass amounts of emotional pain, just sharing feelings with Catherine. The stage directions also have a huge effect in this part of the play, He has bent the rolled paper and it suddenly tears in two. This tells the audience that Eddie has had enough of Rodolpho, and that all his anger and true feelings for Catherine are boiling over. Also this hints to the Audience that something bad is about to happen, because Eddie twisting the newspaper in two pieces shows that it has all become too much for him and he has to let his anger out. This creates dramatic tension within the audience as we wait for something to happen. The way Catherine acts towards Eddie could have triggered this sudden outburst; normally Catherine is really obedient towards Eddie and does what he says, she sees him as her father and him his daughter.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Materialism in The Dharma Bums and Goodbye, Columbus :: Dharma Bums Essays

Materialism in The Dharma Bums and Goodbye, Columbus    Several works we have read thus far have criticized the prosperity of American suburbia. Jack Kerouac's The Dharma Bums, Philip Roth's Goodbye, Columbus, and an excerpt from Lawrence Ferlinghetti's poem "A Coney Island of the Mind" all pass judgement on the denizens of the middle-class and the materialism in which they surround themselves. However, each work does not make the same analysis, as the stories are told from different viewpoints. The Dharma Bums and "A Coney Island of the Mind" are critiques of materialism by people who have rejected the middle-class ideals. In Goodbye, Columbus, however, Roth makes his point via Neil, a dweller of the lower class who wants to join the prosperous rank of the Patimkin family. The difference is that Kerouac and Ferlinghetti mock the suburbanites, yet pay them little attention while several characters in Goodbye, Columbus are disdainful of the materialism exuded by the Patimkins while feeling excluded from their social class. In The Dharma Bums, Kerouac strengthens his argument for the Zen ideal of poverty and freedom by this criticism of the conformity practiced by the middle-class: ...you'll see if you take a walk some night on a suburban street and pass house after house on both sides of the street each with the lamplight of the living room, shining golden, and inside the little blue square of the television, each living family riveting its attention probably on one show; nobody talking; silence in the yards; dogs barking at you because you pass on human feet instead of wheels. You'll see what I mean, when it begins to appear like everybody in the world is soon going to be thinking the same way and the Zen Lunatics have long joined dust, laughter on their dust lips. (104) Kerouac's point is that freedom doesn't exist in a place where everyone is watching the same thing and thinking the same thing at the same time. Kerouac also reflects on the futile trap of materialism. Japhy discusses "all that crap they didn't really want anyway such as refrigerators, TV sets, cars, at least fancy new cars, certain hair oils and deodorants and general junk you finally always see a week later in the garbage anyway, all of them imprisoned in a system of work, produce, consume, work, produce, consume.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Merchant of Venice – Shylock

Shylock is â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Merchant of Venice,† there are many themes, symbols and words alike which take on a complex and dual nature. Not only can lines in the play be interpreted by the audience in multiple ways, they are meant to have multiple meanings. This duality can be seen in the characters as well. Shylock is portrayed as both a victim and a villain and our sense of him evolves as his character is revealed to us as â€Å"The Merchant of Venice. We are first introduced to Shylock in Act I Scene III when we learn about his job as a moneylender. During this period of time, Jewish people were very limited in the jobs they could obtain; they were looked down upon by, and on the fringe of, society. While the Christians could lend money, it was immoral and against church rule for them to charge any type of interest, it was usurious. However, there was nothing to forbid Jewish lenders from making a living by cha rging interest. They did so to survive and were despised for such an â€Å"immoral and disgraceful† practice. Bassanio goes to Shylock for a loan to be given in Antonio's name. Upon Antonio’s entering, Shylock displays his disdain for Antonio in an aside, â€Å"How like a fawning publican he looks! / I hate him for he is Christian, / but more for that in low simplicity / he lends out money gratis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 1. 41-45). His hatred is dual in nature; Antonio lends money without interest threatening the existence of his job as a moneylender. Also, Antonio is prejudiced against the Jews and has humiliated and insulted Shylock publicly for both his lending practices and his religion. This is revealed when Shylock asks Antonio why he should lend money to someone who has, â€Å"†¦rated me / About my moneys and my usuances†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 3. 117-118) â€Å"You call me misbeliever, cutthroat dog / And spet upon my Jewish Gaberdine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 3. 121-122). Shylock could not retaliate the prejudice, and had to tolerate the abuse, â€Å"Still have I borne it with a patient shrug / for sufferance is the badge of all our tribe† (1. 3. 119-120). This portrays Shylock as a person who is victimized and helpless against the prejudice and racism present in that society. Antonio asks that Shylock see the loan not as a lending of money to a friend, but â€Å"rather to thine enemy, / Who, if he break, thou mayst with better face / Exact the penalty† (1. 3. 145-146). Shylock is now given power over the fate of the loan, Bassanio’s desired pursuit of Portia and the choice of bond for the loan. It is a chance for Shylock’s to seek retribution not only from Antonio personally, but on a larger scale Christian society as a whole. To further advance his position, he speaks to Antonio as a friend, â€Å"I would be friends with you, and have your love, / Forget the shames that you have stained me with† (1. . 149-150). Shylock’s cynically toned change of heart toward Antonio makes it clear his feigned friendship may, quite probably, be motivated by ulterior interests. At this point, there is a substantial shift in the character of Shylock from being that of a victim to that of a villain. Shylock is not interested in receiving m ere interest on the money he lends, he wants a redemption and revenge for himself and his people which no amount of money will satisfy for him. The selfish, greedy, usurous Jew many want to make Shylock out to be is no longer being guided by a monetary beacon. He is now seemingly overtaken by a cruel morbid desire for revenge. He has become passionately cunning, malicious and vengeful, â€Å"†¦let the forfeit / Be nominated for an equal pound / Of your fair flesh, [possibly as opposed to his slightly darker Jewish flesh] to be cut off and taken / In what part of your body pleaseth me† (1. 3. 160-163). He reveals the depths of his discontent and his desire for vengeance when he says, â€Å"I will have the heart of him if he forfeit† (3. 2. 125-126). It is not long before Shylock receives news from Tubal that some of Antonio’s fleet has come upon misfortune and he has no choice but to break his bond. Shylock declares, â€Å"I am very glad of it. I'll plague him, I'll / torture him, I am glad of it† (3. 1. 115-116). The arrest of Antonio for failure to timely pay his bond solidifies what is lawfully owed to and bought and paid for by Shylock. There is no doubt that Shylock has every intention of collecting this bloody bond, his obsessive hatred for Antonio becomes apparent, â€Å"I’ll have my bond. Speak not against my bond. I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3. 3. 5-6). Shylock has transformed from discriminated repressed Jew to despised money lender to murderous vengeful sinner. During the trial scene, Shylock clearly enjoys the forthcoming bond which is due to him, he whets his knife on his shoe in the courtroom so that he can, â€Å"cut the forfeiture from [Antonio]† (4. 1 . 124). Shylock is unyielding in his desire. The pound of flesh is worth more to him than ten times the amount of ducats owed. More so, he rejects any appeal to the divine sanction of ercy, and believes to have his bond is lawfully and morally â€Å"right. † Shylock asks the Duke, â€Å"What judgment shall I dread, doing no wrong? † (4. 1. 90) and states, â€Å"I crave the law† (4. 1. 213). Even though he is legally entitled, Portia tries to appeal to his moral obligation to show mercy. He is not moved by this, and readies to collect his bond. At this point, the law is turned on Shylock. Portia tells Shylock he may have his bond, but that, â€Å"This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood†¦if thou dost shed / One drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods / Are by the laws of Venice confiscate† (4. . 319-324). Shylock, realizing his desired pound of flesh will not be his bond, agrees to accept the payment of the ducats. To this, Portia replies, à ¢â‚¬Å"The Jew shall have all justice. Soft, no haste! / He shall have nothing but the penalty. † Further, Portia declares, â€Å"It is enacted in the laws of Venice, / If it be proved against an alien / That by direct or indirect attempts / He seeks the life of any citizen†¦the offender’s life lies in the mercy of the Duke. † Shylock is forced to his knees to beg the Duke for Mercy. He is again, the â€Å"Jew dog. † His life as it is a physical existence was spared. Shylock, would choose death over the mercy shown to him by the Duke and Antonio, he asks the court to, â€Å"Take my life and all† (4. 1. 389). In granting him to keep half of his goods, Antonio takes his identity, his religion, his heart and soul. Antonio seeks that Shylock, â€Å"presently become a Christian; / The other, that he do record a gift, / Here in the court, of all he dies possessed / Unto his son Lorenzo and his daughter† (4. . 403-406). Life and Christianity have defeated Shylock, they have taken his daughter and given him a Christian son to which he is bound to leave everything he owns. Shylock has been stripped of any power he may have once, if fleetingly, had. He has been broken down and stripped of his â€Å"merciless† religion. He is no longer villainous, he is piteous. Shylock evolved and transformed as a character, before us as an audience just as our feelings, perceptions and sympathies for him.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Electromagnetic Propulsion Technology Essay

Electromagnetic Propulsion Technology is based on the concepts and applications of electromagnets to enable propelling of an object. This is perhaps the most researched and worked on areas of electric propulsion with greatest possible application in public transport as well as advanced aerospace propulsion systems. For public transport, it’s been a magnetic levitation technology which is also known as Maglev that has transformed the vary way of public transport. Electromagnetic Propulsion Technology based Magnetic levitation transport is a form of transportation that relies on electromagnetic force for suspension, guidance and propelling. This technology when applied for mass transit system can enable transportation at 500 to 600 km/h (Bonsar, p1; Jahn & Choueiri, p134) . As a concept, magnetic levitation train was developed by a German Scientist Hermann Kemper and on Aug. 14, 1934, the patent was granted. But it was in Britain, world’s first magnetic levitation service was introduced as a link between two terminals at Birmingham airport. The distance was of 400 meters with top speed at around 10-mph. In Germany, the TRANSAPID project connects Berlin and Hamburg. The train will move with a speed of 292 kph and would cover the distance of 292 km in flat 60 minutes. In Japan, the advancements have led to the feasibility of moving trains at a speed of 500 kph and on a 7-km test track began in Miyazaki Prefecture, the manned two-car vehicle has been tested and found to register a speed of 400.8 kph in 1987 and a maximum speed of 531 kph in a manned vehicle run on December 12. Again in 1999, the train attained a maximum speed of 552 kph in a manned vehicle run (Maglev, p8). Maglev follows the system levitation based vehicular movement on the guide way while using electromagnetic forces between super conducting magnets on the vehicle and coils on the ground. This enables the train to move or float about 10 mm above the guide way on a magnetic field. The train as whole is propelled by the guide way and hence there is no on board engine to pull the train. The whole pulling is enabled through the switching of magnetism. Its basic principle could be understood with the help of magnets. As it is widely known that in case of magnets, you know that opposite poles attract and like poles repel. This principle of attraction and repulsion actually forms the basics behind electromagnetic propulsion based Maglev technology. Electromagnets are used in the above mentioned technology and temporary magnetic pull is created and objects are attraction through a small magnetic field. The three vital components to this system are: A large electrical power source Metal coils lining a guideway or track Large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the train  ­In the above mentioned list of components, one can figure out that the train doesn’t need any engine and hence this is the most important difference between the maglev trains and other conventional trains. The train as a whole is not pulled in a particular direction rather they are propelled and guided in the magnetic field created by electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track (Bonsor, p2). Conclusion: As it has been already mentioned, Maglev is the short for magnetic levitation according to which floating and guiding of trains is enabled as per the principles of magnets. Maglev has its own set of advantages as well as disadvantages. The primary advantage of a maglev train is that of maintenance. As the train floats along and there is no contact with the ground and also there are no moving parts, the possibilities of any wear and tear get reduced. The trains as well the track would rarely need any maintenance and hence the higher cost of installation gets compensated in long run. Apart from this, the other important advantage is the total reduction of friction and noise which actually translates into high speed and extremely fast mode of transportation (Maglev, p 28). Now comes the disadvantages; Maglev guide paths are more costly than any conventional railways system when installation comes into picture. This disadvantage gets amplified with the fact that Maglev system requires a complete new set of infrastructure. The railways infrastructure available for usage is of no use for implementing Maglev and hence a totally new set of system would be implemented. The conventional system would lose its utility and couldn’t have a mutual existence with maglev (Maglev, p 28). Hence, after a very careful and thorough research, the final verdict is that the Principle of Magnetic Levitation when applied for mass transit would transform the way people move in the future and might provide an able substitute of all expensive air transport. Reference: Bonsor, K. â€Å"How Maglev Trains Work†. 2008 Jahn, R. G. â€Å"Ã’Physics of Electric Propulsion,Ó† McGraw-Hill, New York. 1968 Magnetically Levitated Trains (Maglev) http://www.123eng.com/seminar/Magnetically%20Levitated%20Trains%20(Maglev).pdf Jahn, Robert G. & Choueiri, Edgar Y. â€Å"Electric Propulsion† Encyclopedia of Physical Science    and Technology, Third Edition, Volume 5 2002

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Prod Plan essays

Prod Plan essays The initial design concepts are discussed. The team of designers will focus their attentions this week on the poster and leaflet design. This initial layout is already in place on the first draft of the poster, as you can see elsewhere in the presentation booklet, but during this week the main illustration for the production will be finished, and this will then be introduced to a finalised poster and leaflet design. These will be sent out to various advertisers by the end of week two, allowing some leeway if this is not finalised By the end of week two the posters and leaflets will have been finished, and will all be sent out. Some of these will obviously go in the theatre we will be performing in, and the others will go to local shop fronts, libraries, etc. Since we are a horror theatre company, there are specific groups and clubs of fans who take a special interest in the kind of work we are producing. Tickets will go on sale during this week. At the start of the week the designers then meet with the director to establish the set and prop design for the play. The director will lay down his initial ideas, and the team will designate roles to each other, focusing on specific props or background elements depending on individual strengths in those areas of the team. The team will meet again with the director evaluate the initial ideas. These will all then be finalised in the discussion, and submitted to the lighting director so he can go and make his own planning. The team then goes off and starts actually building the set. The entire set and props are to be finished by the end of week 5. Although that seems a rather tight time span constraint, if you look at the play you can see that the set elements are all rather basic and easy to construct. The set is really only in three sparse rooms The main problem is the hat design and man ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Barack Obama - Nobel Prize for Peace Lecture and Speech

Barack Obama Nobel Prize for Peace Acceptance Speech and Lecture delivered 10 December 2009, Oslo City Hall, Oslo, Norway Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, distinguished members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, citizens of America, and citizens of the world: I receive this honor with deep gratitude and great humility. Its an award that speaks to our highest aspirations that for all the cruelty and hardship of our world, we are not mere prisoners of fate. Our actions matter, and can bend history in the direction of justice. And yet, I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the considerable controversy that your generous decision has generated. In part, this is because I am at the beginning, and not the end, of my labors on the world stage. Compared to some of the giants of history whove received this prize Schweitzer and King, Marshall and Mandela my accomplishments are slight. And then there are the men and women around the world whove been jailed and beaten in the pursuit of justice; those who toil in humanitarian organizations to relieve suffering; the unrecognized millions whose quiet acts of courage and compassion inspire even the most hardened cynics. I cannot argue with those who find these men and women some known, some obscure to all but those they help to be far more deserving of this honor than I. But perhaps the most profound issue surrounding my receipt of this prize is the fact that I am the Commander-in-Chief of the military of a nation in the midst of two wars. One of these wars is winding down. The other is a conflict that America did not seek, one in which we are joined by 42 other countries including Norway in an effort to defend ourselves and all nations from further attacks. Still, we are at war. And I am responsible1 for the deployment of thousands of young Americans to battle in a distant land. Some will kill; and some will be killed. And so I come here with an acute sense of the costs of armed conflict filled with difficult questions about the relationship between war and peace, and our effort to replace one with the other. Now these questions are not new. War, in one form or another, appeared with the first man. At the dawn of history, its morality was not questioned; it was simply a fact, like drought or disease the manner in which tribes and then civilizations sought power and settled their differences. And over time, as codes of law sought to control violence within groups, so did philosophers and clerics and statesmen seek to regulate the destructive power of war. The concept of a just war emerged, suggesting that war is justified only when certain conditions were met: if it is waged as a last resort or in self-defense; if the force used is proportional; and if, whenever possible, civilians are spared from violence. Of course, we know that for most of history, this concept of just war was rarely observed. The capacity of human beings to think up new ways to kill one another proved inexhaustible, as did our capacity to exempt from mercy those who look different or pray to a different God. Wars between armies gave way to wars between nations total wars in which the distinction between combatant and civilian became blurred. In the span of 30 years, such carnage would twice engulf this continent. And while its hard to conceive of a cause more just than the defeat of the Third Reich and the Axis powers, World War II was a conflict in which the total number of civilians who died exceeded the number of soldiers who perished. In the wake of such destruction, and with the advent of the nuclear age, it became clear to victor and vanquished alike that the world needed institutions to prevent another world war. And so a quarter century after the United States Senate rejected the League of Nations an idea for which Woodrow Wilson received this prize America led the world in constructing an architecture to keep the peace: a Marshall Plan, and a United Nations; mechanisms to govern the waging of war, treaties to protect human rights, prevent genocide, restrict the most dangerous weapons. In many ways, these efforts succeeded. Yes, terrible wars have been fought, and atrocities committed. But there has been no Third World War. The Cold War ended with jubilant crowds dismantling a wall. Commerce has stitched much of the world together. Billions have been lifted from poverty. The ideals of liberty and self-determination, equality, and the rule of law have haltingly advanced. We are the heirs of the fortitude and foresight of generations past, and it is a legacy for which my own country is rightfully proud. And yet, a decade into a new century, this old architecture is buckling under the weight of new threats. The world may no longer shudder at the prospect of war between two nuclear superpowers, but proliferation may increase the risk of catastrophe. Terrorism has long been a tactic, but modern technology allows a few small men with outsized rage to murder innocents on a horrific scale. Moreover, wars between nations have increasingly given way to wars within nations. The resurgence of ethnic or sectarian conflicts; the growth of secessionist movements, insurgencies, and failed states all these things have increasingly trapped civilians in unending chaos. In todays wars, many more civilians are killed than soldiers; the seeds of future conflict are sown, economies are wrecked, civil societies torn asunder, refugees amassed, children scarred. I do not bring with me today a definitive solution to the problems of war. What I do know is that meeting these challenges will require the same vision, hard work, and persistence of those men and women who acted so boldly decades ago. And it will require us to think in new ways about the notions of just war and the imperatives of a just peace. We must begin by acknowledging a hard truth: We will not eradicate violent conflict in our lifetimes. There will be times when nations, acting individually or in concert, will find the use of force not only necessary but morally justified. I make this statement mindful of what Martin Luther King Jr. said in this same ceremony years ago: Violence never brings permanent peace. It solves no social problem. It merely creates new and more complicated ones. As someone who stands here as a direct consequence of Dr. Kings life work, I am living testimony to the moral force of non-violence. I know theres nothing weak, nothing passive, nothing naà ¯ve in the creed and lives of Gandhi and King. But as a head of state sworn to protect and defend my nation, I cannot be guided by their examples alone. I face the world as it is and cannot stand idle in the face of threats to the American people. For make no mistake: Evil does exist in the world. A non-violent movement could not have halted Hitlers armies. Negotiations cannot convince al Qaedas leaders to lay down their arms. To say that force may sometimes be necessary is not a call to cynicism. It is a recognition of history, the imperfections of man, and the limits of reason. I raise this point, I begin with this point because in many countries there is a deep ambivalence about military action today no matter what the cause. And at times, this is joined by a reflexive suspicion of America, the worlds sole military superpower. Yet, the world must remember that it was not simply international institutions not just treaties and declarations that brought stability to a post-World War II world. Whatever mistakes we have made, the plain fact is this: The United States of America has helped underwrite global security for more than six decades with the blood of our citizens and the strength of our arms. The service and sacrifice of our men and women in uniform has promoted peace and prosperity from Germany to Korea, and enabled democracy to take hold in places like the Balkans. We have borne this burden not because we seek to impose our will. We have done so out of enlightened self-interest because we seek a better future for our children and grandchildren, and we believe that their lives will be better if others children and grandchildren can live in freedom and prosperity. So yes, the instruments of war do have a role to play in preserving the peace. And yet this truth must coexist with another: that no matter how justified, war promises human tragedy. The soldiers courage and sacrifice is full of glory expressing devotion to country, to cause, to comrades in arms. But war itself is never glorious; and we must never trumpet it as such. So part of our challenge is reconciling these two seemingly irreconcilable truths: that war is sometimes necessary; and war at some level is an expression of human folly. Concretely, we must direct our effort to the task that President Kennedy called for long ago. Let us focus, he said, on a more practical, more attainable peace, based not on a sudden revolution in human nature but on a gradual evolution in human institutions. A gradual evolution of human institutions. What might this evolution look like? What might these practical steps be? To begin with, I believe that all nations, strong and weak alike, must adhere to standards that govern the use of force. I, like any head of state, reserve the right to act unilaterally if necessary to defend my nation. Nevertheless, I am convinced that adhering to standards, international standards, strengthens those who do and isolates and weakens those who dont. The world rallied around America after the 9/11 attacks and continues to support our efforts in Afghanistan, because of the horror of those senseless attacks and the recognized principle of self-defense. Likewise, the world recognized the need to confront Saddam Hussein when he invaded Kuwait a consensus that sent a clear message to all about the cost of aggression. Furthermore, America in fact, no nation can insist that others follow the rules of the road if we refuse to follow them ourselves. For when we dont, our actions appear arbitrary and undercut the legitimacy of future interventions, no matter how justified. And this becomes particularly important when the purpose of military action extends beyond self-defense or the defense of one nation against an aggressor. More and more, we all confront difficult questions about how to prevent the slaughter of civilians by their own government, or to stop a civil war whose violence and suffering can engulf an entire region. I believe that force can be justified on humanitarian grounds, as it was in the Balkans, or in other places that have been scarred by war. Inaction tears at our conscience and can lead to more costly intervention later. Thats why all responsible nations must embrace the role that militaries with a clear mandate can play to keep the peace. Americas commitment to global security will never waver. But in a world in which threats are more diffuse and missions more complex America cannot act alone. America alone cannot secure the peace. This is true in Afghanistan. This is true in failed states like Somalia, where terrorism and piracy is joined by famine and human suffering. And sadly, it will continue to be true in unstable regions for years to come. The leaders and soldiers of NATO countries, and other friends and allies, demonstrate this truth through the capacity and courage theyve shown in Afghanistan. But in many countries, there is a disconnect between the efforts of those who serve and the ambivalence of the broader public. I understand why war is not popular, but I also know this: The belief that peace is desirable is rarely enough to achieve it. Peace requires responsibility. Peace entails sacrifice. Thats why NATO continues to be indispensable. Thats why we must strengthen U.N. and regional peacekeeping, and not leave the task to a few countries. Thats why we honor those who return home from peacekeeping and training abroad to Oslo and Rome, to Ottawa and Sydney, to Dhaka and Kigali. We honor them not as makers of war, but as of wagers but as wagers of peace. Let me make one final point about the use of force. Even as we make difficult decisions about going to war, we must also think clearly about how we fight it. The Nobel Committee recognized this truth in awarding its first prize for peace to Henry Dunant the founder of the Red Cross, and a driving force behind the Geneva Conventions. Where force is necessary, we have a moral and strategic interest in binding ourselves to certain rules of conduct. And even as we confront a vicious adversary that abides by no rules, I believe the United States of America must remain a standard bearer in the conduct of war. That is what makes us different from those whom we fight. That is a source of our strength. That is why I prohibited torture. That is why I ordered the prison at Guantanamo Bay closed. And that is why I have reaffirmed Americas commitment to abide by the Geneva Conventions. We lose ourselves when we compromise the very ideals that we fight to defend. And we honor we honor those ideals by upholding them not when its easy, but when it is hard. Ive spoken at some length to the question that must weigh on our minds and our hearts as we choose to wage war. But let me now turn to our effort to avoid such tragic choices, and speak of three ways that we can build a just and lasting peace. First, in dealing with those nations that break rules and laws, I believe that we must develop alternatives to violence that are tough enough to actually change behavior. For if we want a lasting peace, then the words of the international community must mean something. Those regimes that break the rules must be held accountable. Sanctions must exact a real price. Intransigence must be met with increased pressure and such pressure exists only when the world stands together as one. One urgent example is the effort to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, and to seek a world without them. In the middle of the last century, nations agreed to be bound by a treaty whose bargain is clear: All will have access to peaceful nuclear power; those without nuclear weapons will forsake them; and those with nuclear weapons will work towards disarmament. I am committed to upholding this treaty. It is a centerpiece of my foreign policy. And Im working with President Medvedev to reduce America and Russias nuclear stockpiles. But it is also incumbent upon all of us to insist that nations like Iran and North Korea do not game the system. Those who claim to respect international law cannot avert their eyes when those laws are flouted. Those who care for their own security cannot ignore the danger of an arms race in the Middle East or East Asia. Those who seek peace cannot stand idly by as nations arm themselves for nuclear war. The same principle applies to those who violate international laws by brutalizing their own people. When there is genocide in Darfur, systematic rape in Congo, repression in Burma there must be consequences. Yes, there will be engagement. Yes, there will be diplomacy. But there must be consequences when those things fail. And the closer we stand together, the less likely we will be faced with the choice between armed intervention and complicity in oppression. This brings me to a second point: the nature of the peace that we seek. For peace is not merely the absence of visible conflict. Only a just peace based on the inherent rights and dignity of every individual can truly be lasting. It was this insight that drove drafters of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights after the Second World War. In the wake of devastation, they recognized that if human rights are not protected, peace is a hollow promise. And yet, too often these words are ignored. For some countries, the failure to uphold human rights is excused by the false suggestion that these are somehow Western principles, foreign to local cultures or stages of a nations development. And within America, theres long been a tension between those who describe themselves as realists or idealists a tension that suggests a stark choice between the narrow pursuit of interests or an endless campaign to impose our values around the world. I reject these choices. I believe that peace is unstable where citizens are denied the right to speak freely or worship as they please; choose their own leaders or assemble without fear. Pent-up grievances fester, and the suppression of tribal and religious identity can lead to violence. We also know that the opposite is true. Only when Europe became free did it finally find peace. America has never fought a war against a democracy, and our closest friends are governments that protect the rights of their citizens. No matter how callously defined, neither Americas interests nor the worlds are served by the denial of human aspirations. So even as we respect the unique culture and traditions of different countries, America will always be a voice for those aspirations that are universal. We will bear witness to the quiet dignity of reformers like Aung Sang Suu Kyi, to the bravery of Zimbabweans who cast their ballots in the face of beatings, to the hundreds of thousands who have marched silently through the streets of Iran. It is telling that the leaders of these governments fear the aspirations of their own people more than the power of any other nation. And it is the responsibility of all free people and free nations to make clear that these movements these movements of hope and history they have us on their side. Let me also say this: The promotion of human rights cannot be about exhortation alone. At times, it must be coupled with painstaking diplomacy. I know that engagement with repressive regimes lacks the satisfying purity of indignation. But I also know that sanctions without outreach condemnation without discussion can carry forward only a crippling status quo. No repressive regime can move down a new path unless it has the choice of an open door. In light of the Cultural Revolutions horrors, Nixons meeting with Mao appeared inexcusable and yet it surely helped set China on a path where millions of its citizens have been lifted from poverty and connected to open societies. Pope John Pauls engagement with Poland created space not just for the Catholic Church, but for labor leaders like Lech Walesa. Ronald Reagans efforts on arms control and embrace of perestroika not only improved relations with the Soviet Union, but empowered dissidents throughout Eastern Europe. Theres no simple formula here. But we must try as best we can to balance isolation and engagement, pressure and incentives, so that human rights and dignity are advanced over time. Third, a just peace includes not only civil and political rights it must encompass economic security and opportunity. For true true peace is not just freedom from fear, but freedom from want. It is undoubtedly true that development rarely takes root without security; it is also true that security does not exist where human beings do not have access to enough food, or clean water, or the medicine and shelter they need to survive. It does not exist where children cant aspire to a decent education or a job that supports a family. The absence of hope can rot a society from within. And thats why helping farmers feed their own people, or nations educate their children and care for the sick, is not mere charity. Its also why the world must come together to confront climate change. There is little scientific dispute that if we do nothing, we will face more drought, more famine, more mass displacement all of which will fuel more conflict for decades. For this reason, it is not merely scientists and environmental activists who call for swift and forceful action. Its military leaders in my own country and others who understand our common security hangs in the balance. Agreements among nations. Strong institutions. Support for human rights. Investments in development. All these are vital ingredients in bringing about the evolution that President Kennedy spoke about. And yet, I do not believe that we will have the will, the determination, the staying power, to complete this work without something more; and thats the continued expansion of our moral imagination an insistence that theres something irreducible that we all share. As the world grows smaller, you might think it would be easier for human beings to recognize how similar we are to understand that were all basically seeking the same things, that we all hope for the chance to live out our lives with some measure of happiness and fulfillment for ourselves and our families. And yet, somehow, given the dizzying pace of globalization, the cultural leveling of modernity, it perhaps comes as no surprise that people fear the loss of what they cherish in their particular identities their their race, their tribe, and perhaps most powerfully their religion. In some places, this fear has led to conflict. At times, it even feels like were moving backwards. We see it in the Middle East, as the conflict between Arabs and Jews seems to harden. We see it in nations that are torn asunder by tribal lines. And most dangerously, we see it in the way that religion is used to justify the murder of innocents by those who have distorted and defiled the great religion of Islam, and who attacked my country from Afghanistan. These extremists are not the first to kill in the name of God. The cruelties of the Crusades are amply recorded. But they remind us that no Holy War can ever be a just war. For if you truly believe that you are carrying out divine will, then there is no need for restraint no need to spare the pregnant mother, or the medic, or the Red Cross worker, or even a person of one owns [sic] faith. Such a warped view of religion is not just incompatible with the concept of peace, but I believe its incompatible with the very purpose of faith: For the one rule that lies at the heart of every major religion is that we do unto others as we would have them do unto us. Adhering to this law of love has always been the core struggle of human nature. For we are fallible. We make mistakes, and fall victim to the temptations of pride, and power, and sometimes evil. Even those of us with the best of intentions will at time[s] fail to right the wrongs before us. But we do not have to think that human nature is perfect for us to still believe that the human condition can be perfected. We do not have to live in an idealized world to still reach for those ideals that will make it a better place. The non-violence practiced by men like Gandhi and King may not have been practical or possible in every circumstance, but the love that they preached their fundamental faith in human progress that must always be the North Star that guides us on our journey. For if we lose that faith if we dismiss it as silly or naà ¯ve; if we divorce it from the decisions that we make on issues of war and peace then we lose whats best about humanity. We lose our sense of possibility. We lose our moral compass. Like generations have before us, we must reject that future. As Dr. King said at this occasion so many years ago, I refuse to accept despair as the final response to the ambiguities of history. I refuse to accept the idea that the isness of mans present condition makes him morally incapable of reaching up for the eternal oughtness that forever confronts him. Let us reach for the world that ought to be that spark of the divine that still st[i]rs within each of our souls. Somewhere today, in the here and now, in the world as it is, a soldier sees hes outgunned, but stands firm to keep the peace. Somewhere today, in this world, a young protestor awaits the brutality of her government, but has the courage to march on. Somewhere today, a mother facing punishing poverty still takes the time to teach her child, scrapes together what few coins she has to send that child to school because she believes that a cruel world still has a place for that childs dreams. Let us live by their example. We can acknowledge that oppression will always be with us, and still strive for justice. We can admit the intractability of depravation, and still strive for dignity. Clear-eyed, we can understand that there will be war, and still strive for peace. We can do that for that is the story of human progress; thats the hope of all the world; and at this moment of challenge, that must be our work here on Earth. Thank you very much. Source: WhiteHouse.gov

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Discuss the important contributions that the education systems make to Essay

Discuss the important contributions that the education systems make to the state - Essay Example This essay stresses that more and more people now stay on for further and higher education, but are we raising false expectations? Employers who in the fifties would have been satisfied with quite low paper qualifications, now have very high standards., and so we find young people with a first degree unable to get employment in the field they want or, in some cases, any employment at all. One third of all graduates are said to never obtain employment at a true graduate level. So is all that time and study being wasted? It is well known that success in life is not necessarily linked to success in school. Albert Einstein failed early exams and believed that his wife had the better intellect of the two. Winston Churchill, great leader and winner of the Nobel prize for literature, had a mediocre school life. Shakespeare, another great Englishman attended his local school in Stratford, but as far as we know had no further or higher education. He probably started school at the age of 7 or 8 and left at about 15. So we see that society has benefited from great intellects, but these were not necessarily the result of great teaching. This paper makes a conclusion that education makes to the state. First of all you would have to agree on what constitutes education. Would you include only that which takes place in formal situations? What would you measure and what against? Literacy rates against gross natural product? Would you compare a countries rating according to the United Nations against a country’s education budget?

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Role of Positive Discrimination in the Workplace with Regard to the Essay

Role of Positive Discrimination in the Workplace with Regard to the Minorities - Essay Example This essay declares that employers have realised the value of diversity in relation to the workforce, thus using recruitment and selection tools that help draw culturally diverse employees into an organisation. Positive discrimination was used in the past as a selection tool to ensure that minorities received the opportunity of representing their group at the workplace. This meant that candidates from minority groups were eligible for jobs before the others regardless of their qualifications and skills. This paper stresses that positive discrimination is a term used in the United Kingdom to refer to a group of measures employed by governments, corporations, institutions whether private of public, such as schools, and companies in an effort to address discrimination affecting the entire system. Positive discrimination is anticipated to facilitate the role played by minority groups to development and reduce inequalities thereby ameliorating development indicators. It is crucial for the nation to design and implement proper measures that will help in curbing inequality and the United Kingdom has continued to make necessary changes to Positive discrimination in an effort to make them as accommodative as possible. Positive discrimination is the name used to describe affirmative action in the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, positive discrimination in reference to employment refers to policies and measures laid down to curb employment discrimination barriers for women and individual s from minority groups. ... Positive discrimination is anticipated to facilitate the role played by minority groups to development and reduce inequalities thereby ameliorating development indicators. It is crucial for the nation to design and implement proper measures that will help in curbing inequality and the United Kingdom has continued to make necessary changes to Positive discrimination in an effort to make them as accommodative as possible (Noon, 2010:728). Positive discrimination is the name used to describe affirmative action in the United Kingdom. Affirmative action was introduced in the United States by President John F. Kennedy as Executive Order 10925 and was signed on 6 March 1961. It was introduced to eliminate or reduce discrimination of African Americans in the workplaces, schools, colleges and residential areas. It all began with President Kennedy when he issued an executive order in 1961. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act was introduced and it made provisions that prohibited discrimination and ens ured that all Americans had equal employment opportunities regardless of religion, race, colour or cultural background. In September 1965, President Johnson issued Executive Order 11246 that required all government employers to adopt particular rules while employing workers and to disregard the religion, race, national origin or colour of the candidates. In 1967, affirmative action was amended to admit gender too. (Tsikata, 2009:12). In the United Kingdom, positive discrimination in reference to employment refers to policies and measures laid down to curb employment discrimination barriers for women and individuals from minority groups. Positive discrimination is supposed to raise

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Researching the adoption of technology-based self-service within an Dissertation

Researching the adoption of technology-based self-service within an organizational strategic orientation context as a form of su - Dissertation Example In all a total of 20 participants provided their knowledge, experience, and perspective in gaining more of an insight into the research question. The strategy for the data is in the focused area of identifying the characterized elements that either improve or restrain the organization to meeting their designed M-S type approach. The findings revealed in each questionnaire an understanding to that the marketplace share is only increased with a purposeful mission of implemented strategy. The overall counterpart is the bridging of resources for formulating a well-through planning initiative that presents innovative measures for the marketplace (Haritz-Menne, 2004). The Defined Miles and Snow Strategic Typology represent the key area of focus to highlighting the main areas of questionnaire for the participants. Therefore, the 7 main questions within the area of Defined Miles and Snow Strategic Typology create a lasting impression of defining either SCA is the preferred method. The true m anagement approach for are structured within the four sub-categories of accountability: a. Prospector b. Reactors c. Defenders d. Analyzers The survey questionnaire is the following of a comparative notion that relays on a quantitative and qualitative assessment of reliability of answering the research question: 1. ... 4. In comparison to our competitors, the increases or losses in demand which we have experienced are due most probably to practices indicated. 5. One of the most important goals in my company, in comparison to our competitors, is our dedication and commitment to keeping costs within desired levels. 6. In contrast to our competitors, the competencies (skills) which our managerial position. 7. The one thing that protects our organization from our competitors is that we formulate a method to structure the strategy approach. 8. More so than many of our competitors, our management staff tends to concentrate on certain protocols for increasing financial opportunities The analysis of the data presented from the survey revealed in the 7th questionnaire the following assessment of accountability: 1. In comparison to our competitors, the products/services which we provide to our customers are bet characterized in the marketplace. 10 out of the 20 participants presented a more direct approach b y a Prospector indicating a measure that entails: products/services which are more innovated, continually changing and broader in nature throughout the organization and marketplace. 7 out of the 20 participants presented a more direct approach by Analyzers indicating a measure that entails: products/services which are fairly stable in certain units/departments and markets while innovation in other units/departments and markets. 3 out of the 20 participants presented a more direct approach by Defenders indicating a measure that entails: products/services which are well focused, relatively stable and consistently defined throughout the organization and marketplace. 2. In contrast to our competitors, our organizations have an image in the marketplace as a

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Examining The Ethics Of Undercover Reporting Media Essay

Examining The Ethics Of Undercover Reporting Media Essay In a day in which we are spending thousands of man hours uncovering deception, we simply cannot deceive. How can newspapers fight for honesty and integrity when they themselves are less than honest in getting a story? Benjamin Bradlee, former executive editor of the Washington Post. Last month, two high profile public figures in Britain were the subject of tabloid sting operations which have caused widespread controversy and debate. This essay will analyse the actions of the journalist or newspaper editor in each case, from both a deontological and consequentialist standpoint, which will serve to illustrate the ethical complexities surrounding the whole concept of undercover reporting. Duchess of York plots to sell access to Prince Andrew, Mazher Mahmood, News of the World, 23 May 2010 On 23rd May 2010, the News of the World reported that the Duchess of York, Sarah Ferguson, had been duped into accepting a $40,000 ( £27,000) cash down-payment from an undercover reporter posing as a Sheikh. The papers Investigations Editor Mazher Mahmood had offered the Duchess a total of  £500,000 to be introduced to Fergusons ex-husband Prince Andrew, who is a British trade envoy. The meeting where the deposit was handed over to Ferguson and details of the bribe were discussed was captured on tape, and this video was posted on the News of the World website alongside the article. The News of the World may claim they have done Britain a good service in exposing Fergusons illicit business deals, but in reality, they have not presented any proof that she had been engaging in bribery and corruption before the News of the World entered the fray and staged this elaborate sting operation. They claim that they have proof that she had already cashed in by introducing two international tycoons to Prince Andrew, which resulted in lucrative business deals for which she gained a commission. Would it not have been enough to report on this evidence which had been provided by their close royal associate who blew the whistle on her? They say they have procured all the details of her transactions with these tycoons, and information about the new company Ferguson set up last month to handle her illicit business, but have not presented any of these details in the article, or in any of the myriad of articles published about the Ferguson affair since the videos were posted on the website. Yes, the News of the World did indeed expose that Sarah Ferguson was disposed to a corrupt deal with an international business man. But who is to say that she would not have been involved in any illicit dealings had the News of the World not set her up in this way? In April, another of Mahmoods undercover sting operations brought a premature end to the career of snooker champion John Higgins when Mahmood filmed him in a hotel room in the Ukraine agreeing to fix a lose in an upcoming snooker match in exchange for à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬300,000. He had been set up by a group of undercover reporters posing as businessmen. Higgins has since claimed that he had been intimidated into the deal against his will, but has been suspended from snooker pending an investigation, perhaps indefinitely. Mahmood claims that the decision to set Higgins up was based on a tip-off from a sports insider that Higgins was engaging in match-fixing. However, no details or evidence was presented in the article to back up the claims. This is just another recent example of the kind of undercover reporting that Mahmood is engaging in for the News of the World, where a sensationalist scoop, usually involving a celebrity or public figure, is caught on camera, causes a brief media fren zy, but is quickly forgotten when the next sting operation hits the headlines. Mahmood, who has been posing as the fake Sheikh for undercover scoops since 1984, claims to have exposed criminal activities in his sting operations which have led to at least 250 criminal convictions. His disguise has duped paedophiles, con men and drug pushers the exposition of whom could be deemed as being in the public interest as well as philandering government ministers and celebrities with recreational drug habits, whose stories may be of salacious interest to the public, but are almost certainly not in the public interest. The motivations behind the News of the Worlds obsession with undercover scoops are simple: deceit can often be the quickest and easiest way to get a story; the journalist has control over the scenario that will eventually end up in the paper, so essentially they can create the headline before the incident has even taken place; and secret footage (audio recordings, video, and grainy or pixilated photographs) sensationalise the story even further and make f or great multimedia content for the web. The man supposed to bring sound judgment to the FA, Ian Gallagher, Mail on Sunday, 16 May 2010 In another undercover exposà © last month, the chairman of the Football Association in England, Lord Triesman, was secretly taped claiming that Spain and Russia were plotting to bribe referees in the upcoming World Cup in South Africa. The recording was made by Triesmans former aide Melissa Jacobs during a lunch meeting. Jacobs proceeded, with the help of celebrity publicist Mark Clifford, to sell the tapes to the Mail on Sunday for a reported  £75,000, who ran the story on the front page on 16th May. While it must be noted that the person who made the recording was not a journalist, but an associate of Triesmans, similar principles around the ethics of clandestine recording and undercover investigation techniques are at issue here (leaving aside the ethics of chequebook journalism). However, there is one crucial difference between this article and the undercover sting operation articles written by Mahmood mentioned above, in that the scenario was not staged in advance by the newspaper. It appears to me, from the details presented in the article, that Jacobs attended the lunch meeting with the intention of getting taped evidence of their affair to sell to the newspaper, and the conversation about the World Cup bribes arose unknown in advance to her. While she prompted him during the exchange for more information, she did not incite the topic of conversation, nor did she steer the conversation in any particular direction. This is demonstrated in the following transcript from the tape, which is quoted in the article: Lord Triesman: Spain are looking for help from the Russians to help bribe the referees in the World Cup, their votes may then switch to Russia. At this point, Miss Jacobs asks: Would Russia help them with that? Lord Triesman: Oh, I think Russia will cut deals. Miss Jacobs: Why will Russia help? Are Russia in the World Cup? Lord Triesman: No theyre not. Miss Jacobs: Oh no theyre not, theyve got nothing to lose? Lord Triesman: Absolutely nothing at all to lose. Exactly. Since the article was published, Lord Triesman has resigned as chairman of the FA, but stated that he had been a victim of entrapment and his comments about the conspiracy were never intended to be taken seriously. Fifas ethics team is investigating the allegations, and if it is proven that they were based in truth, the Mail on Sundays decision to print the story will be vindicated (though this is looking increasingly unlikely). The article was met with widespread derision in Britain, most likely because the scandal seriously jeopardised Englands chances of securing their bid to host the 2018 World Cup. But the reasons given by most critics were that the methods used by the Mail on Sunday to obtain information for the article were dirty and unethical. Consequentialist analysis According to the consequentialists, the ends must justify the means in order for an action to be considered morally acceptable. The morally correct action is that which brings about the highest possible total sum of utility(Wolff, p.49). It could be argued that in attempting to expose Sarah Fergusons corrupt activities, the News of the World were acting in the public interest, ridding the world of a corrupt act and thus bringing the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people. If readers really believed that the journalist was acting to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered, which according to Bentham, (The principle of Utility, quoted in Singer, p.307) should be the main premise for any course of action, it could be argued that he was right to masquerade as a Sheikh in order to expose Fergusons illicit business deals. Similarly, if the main motivation of the Mail on Sunday was to prevent corruption an d match fixing during the World Cup, then the newspaper acted in the right way according to consequentialists. However, as I have explained, it is highly dubious that these were the main motivations of the News of the World or the Mail on Sunday, as I would argue that they were more interested in printing sensational stories that would grab public attention and sell more papers than the ultimate end. While the strongest argument against untruths has been forward by Kant and the deontologists (see below), utilitarians were also strongly against falsehood and deceit, because of the harm done by misleading particular individuals, and the tendency of false statements to diminish the mutual confidence that men ought to have in each others assertions (Sidgwick, Issues for Utilitarians, in Singer, p.316). There is another ethical issue raised by the Sarah Ferguson exposà © article that would be of interest to a consequentialist, and that is the use of anonymous sources. Tabloids like the News of the World are well known for paying large sums of money to well-connected sources, and the information fed to them by their close royal associate may well be legitimate. It is widely recognised amongst journalists and editors alike that it is worth retaining the identity of a source in order to get a story that is in the public interest, and I believe that this is also agreeable from a consequentialist standpoint. However, who is to say that this information, supposedly provided by a source close to Ferguson, was not entirely fabricated? As I have argued in a previous ethical enquiry, journalists should strive to attribute their information as much as possible in order to increase trust between reporter and reader. The reliance upon unnamed sources in articles like this leaves many questions in a readers mind, and if anonymous attribution was to be universalised, readers trust in journalism would be greatly diminished Deontological analysis The concept of truth is central to Kants Categorical Imperative. Truth telling is more than just a good thing, as telling the truth creates trust, and trust is a social necessity. Communication between human beings in any society depends very much on the assumption that what we tell each other is true. Deception itself is an impossibility without this assumption, as a person cannot be deceived unless they are prone to believing what they are told. Kant steadfastly believed that any untruth, even if seemingly harmless in intent (or even uttered in protection of oneself or another) is harmful to society, as untruths diminish mans capacity to trust. A lie always harms another; if not some other particular man, still it harms mankind generally, for it vitiates the source of law itself (Kant, On a supposed right to lie from altruistic motives, in Singer, p.281). Mahmood engaged in active deception in order to get his Sarah Ferguson story. Everything about the set up was a blatant lie his name, his profession, his intention, his promise to pay her  £500,000 he even lied to her outright by denying there were secret cameras filming her when she asked in jest if it was a set up. Lies deliberately intend to deceive, where the aim is invariably to take advantage of another persons trust. According to Kant, what the honest but reticent man says is true, but not the whole truth. What the dishonest man says is something he knows to be false. Such an assertion is called in the theory of virtue, a lie it is a serious violation of a duty to oneself; it subverts the dignity of humanity in our own person, and attacks the roots of our thinking. (Kant, Letter to Maria von Herbert, Spring 1792, in Singer, p.283). Jacobs engaged in a form of passive deception in order to gather the taped material. She did not actively lie to Lord Triesman, but deceived him by hiding her intentions, and the fact that she was taping their conversation without his knowledge. Similarly, when journalists pose as members of the public in order to get a story, they are also being passively deceptive, as they are misrepresenting their true intention. However, this form of undercover reporting is widely accepted by editors the world over, even those that would vehemently oppose actively lying or setting someone up in order to get a story. According to deontologists, the outcome of the action should not be a factor in deciding what is right or wrong in any given situation. Behaviour has a moral weight all of its own, which the moral law within can determine (Kant, The noble descent of duty, in Singer, p.41). Central to the deontological school is the concept of duty. From a deontological perspective, journalists have a duty to their readers, an obligation to present the truth to the public, regardless of the consequences that the revelation of this truth may produce. In the case of the Sarah Ferguson article, the News of the World published the article with no heed to the consequences to the reputation of the Royal family, and similarly, the Mail on Sunday published the article about Triesmans knowledge of match fixing with little regard to the reputation of Triesman himself or the chances of England securing their bid to host the World Cup in 2018. According to Kant, truthfulness is a duty which must be regarded as th e ground of all duties based on contract, and the laws of these duties would be rendered uncertain and useless if even the least exception to them were admitted. (Kant, On a supposed right to lie from altruistic motives, in Singer, p.281). If the News of the World and the Mail on Sunday truly believed that they were bringing the truth to the public in exposing Sarah Fergusons corrupt business deals, and Lord Triesmans knowledge of game-fixing, then their intentions were correct according to deontologists. However, in reality, selling papers overrides most tabloids altruistic motives, and it could be strongly argued that both are more concerned with entrapping public figures in order to sell papers, and thus they are not acting in accordance with the categorical imperative. Objective reporting, one of the most central tenets of good journalism practice, rests on the premise that the journalist remains a passive observer of the material about which they write, and that they record reality the way it is rather than attempting to shape that reality themselves in order to create a story. Most, if not all, ethical guidelines for journalists state that an undercover journalist should be a witness to the action, not an instigator or an active participator, nor should they do anything to prompt an action that would not have occurred should they not have been there. Above all, the journalist should never incite people to commit a crime. However, News of the World exposà ©s, many conducted by Mahmood in disguise, have raised ethical questions over the entrapment of celebrities by journalists working at the paper. Critics have claimed that such undercover operations are an invasion of privacy, and that public figures are being lured under false pretences into doi ng and saying things that they would not have, had they not been prompted or encouraged by the undercover journalist. His elaborate scenarios are staged to entrap the subject, who is manipulated, often into committing a criminal act (Mahmood often stages drug purchases last November he set up a cocaine deal with Ted Terry, father of English footballer John Terry, also for a News of the World exclusive). One of the main considerations a news organisation must take into account when deciding if deceptive undercover reporting is warranted is if this is a legitimate and worthy news story, i.e. is the story in the public interest, or is the news organisation merely pandering to its audiences desire for a salacious story? Many editors, and television producers especially, act under the premise that deception may be warranted when the story is of such importance that it absolutely must be told, and deception or undercover reporting is the only way to prove what is going on. The article about Lord Triesman combined his claims about match-fixing with an exposà © of his illicit romance with Jacobs in 2008. Details of text messages sent between the two, and accounts of their secret dates were recounted. This aspect of the article is a blatant invasion of Triesmans privacy, and is most certainly not in the public interest. It would also be against Kants Practical Imperative, which states that we should act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. (Kant, The Categorical Imperative, in Singer, p.279). Individuals are ends in themselves, and they may not be sacrificed or used for achieving of other ends without their consent. (Robert Nozick, The Rationality of Side Constraints, in Singer, p.261). By publishing the juicy details of their affair alongside the quotes from Triesman about the match-fixing, the Mail on Sunday were using Lord Triesman as a means to an end, and also doing themselves a disservice by highlighting the sleazy element of undercover reporting. Another fundamental question that journalists and editors must ask themselves is whether deception is the best way to uncover the story? In the case of Sarah Ferguson, I believe that based on other knowledge and evidence that they claim to have in their possession, the News of the World could have built the case against her without staging a fake bribe. However, in the case of the Lord Triesman article, there would have been no other way to find out his thoughts on match-fixing. Unless he was attempting to impress her in some way with empty rhetoric, there must be some foundation behind Triesmans claims that Spain and Russia were engaging in bribery, which is in turn worthy of serious investigation and a matter of public interest, which has been reinforced by Fifas decision to carry out a full investigation of the matter. Conclusion It can thus be concluded that neither the News of the World article nor the Mail on Sunday article were handled in a manner that would have been acceptable from a consequentialist or a deontological viewpoint. Though I believe the subject matter of each (Sarah Fergusons propensity towards using her royal connections for corrupt means, and Lord Triesmans claims of match-fixing) were indeed in the public interest, the deceptive means by which the end was achieved in each case were morally deplorable, and neither end justified the means. According to Kants Categorical Imperative, we should act only according to the maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. (Kant, The Categorical Imperative, in Singer, p.274). The principle of universalisability is at the core of deontological theory. If active deception was to be universalised, trust, a central tenet upon which society rests, would crumble. Honesty is the moral virtue at the centre of any societ y, and it should be promoted by all as all stand to gain from it, as trust rests on truth, and trust is a social necessity. Impersonation and subterfuge irrevocably undermines the implicit trust that is so essential between journalists and their sources and interviewees. Undercover reporting disseminates a widespread distrust of journalists amongst the public, which is detrimental to the whole practice of journalism, which relies so heavily upon information received in confidence from that public.